Click on the test you need or just scroll down to find the test you need!

Test One A and B

Test Two

Test Three

Test Four

Test Five

Test Six

Last one!

Change Over Time Vocabulary

1. Evolution
2. Natural Selection
3. Adaptation
4. Mutation
5. Variation
6. Extinction
7. Endangered
8. Fossil
9. Homologous Structures
10. Sedimentary Rock
11. Law of Superposition
12. Diversity
13. Charles Darwin
14. Galapagos Islands
15. Index Fossils

Test 6

Genetics terms to know!

Trait- a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

Genetics- the scientific study of heredity.

Gene- a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

Dominant- an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

Recessive- an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.

Hybrid- an organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait.

Incomplete dominance or codominance- when both allele's are expressed, like red and white flowers make pink ones.

Probability- the likelihood that a particular event will occur.

Phenotype- an organism's physical appearance or visible traits. Like black, white, pink, wrinkly, tall or short

Genotype- an organism's genetics makeup, or allele combinations. Like BB, bb, Bb

Mutation- a change in a gene or chromosome.

Chromosome theory- inheritance, genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries info. about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.

Purebred: genotype with the same alleles, like BB or bb

Test 5 notes

Cells TEST Vocabulary and Notes

**Make sure you know the following vocabulary and ideas. Also you should be able to label a plant and animal cell.

• A cell is the smallest unit that can carry out life processes.
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Living cells come from other living cells.
• "Little boxes" came to Robert Hooke's mind when he viewed a piece of cork.
• Schleiden, Matthias and Virchow helped come up with the theory of gravity.
• Undersand cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
• UnderstandCell division

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• A microcope, is a piece of scientific equipment helps scientist to view tiny objects like cells, it makes object appear larger. The objective lens and oscular lens, or eyepiece help to magnify things with a microscope. You place the specimen on the stage .You move the microscope a lot when adjusting the coarse adjustment knob, only a little when using the fine adjustment knob.

• Leuwenhook viewed teeth, blood and rainwater in a microscope, he was the first to see living cells, and he called the living things "animicules".
• Robert Hooke is the English scientist who made up the word "cells" to describe what he saw. He was looking at cellwalls.

• We are multicellular organisms, we are made up of more than one cell.
• Unicellular organisms are composed of one cell.

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• What is the job of chromosomes?

to direct the cell

• What is the job of lysosomes?

to remove up waste

• What is the job of the vacuole?

to store food, waste or water

• What is the job of the cell membrane?

to control the entry and exit of materials, protect and support

• Which of the following are not nuclear structures?

a. cellulose b. nuclear membrane c. chromosomes d. nucleolus answer ** cellulose

• Which of the following is not an example of an organelle?

a. vacuole b. nucleus c. lysosome d. microscope

answer **organelles are the tiny structures found in cells

• Why are chloroplasts green and what process are they involved in?

because of the pigment chlorophyll & photosynthesis

• What process occurs in the mitochondria?

respiration, burning food to get energy

• Which of the following are found in a plant cell but not a animal cell?

a. cell wall b. nucleus c. cell membrane

d. endoplasmic reticulum

**answer a.

Choose from the following to make a correct statement.

a. Endoplasmic Reticulum b. Cytoplasm c. Mitochondria d. Ribosomes e. Vacuole

1. This cell part is responsible for breaking down sugar to make energy. It is considered the powerhouse. It is a _____________.

2. This is the jelly-like substance found in the cells, it holds everything in place. The __________ is constantly streaming.

3. A _______________ is much larger in a plant cell than in a animal cell.

4.These tiny looking black specs, _________________, are responsible for making protein.

5. The ___________ is a series of tunnels that transport materials through out the cell. They can be rough or smooth depending on if they have ribosomes attached to them.

Answers:

1. c 2. b 3. e 4. d 5. a

Quiz yourself:

1. What is mitosis?

2. Which is more complex organs or cells?

3. Which organelle releases energy from sugar for the cell?

4. What tool made the discovery of cells possible?

5. Who first named cells?

6. The process by which plants make food is called ____________.

7. Do cells get bigger or multiply?

8. Describe how cells replicate?

9. Food, water and waste are stored in ________.

10. What is the basic unit of structure and function in living things?

11. Which organelle controls all activities in the cell?

12. In the process of normal cell division how many times are the chromosomes doubled?

13. Which organelle transports materials?

14. What do ribosomes make?

15. What is diffusion?

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Test 4

Biomes Vocabulary:

Summary of Biomes

Notes and Vocabulary for Test 3

Population Ecology:

Make sure you know all of these words!

abiotic

habitat

biotic

cooperation

commensalism

competition

ecosystem

hosts

population density

sample

mutualism

predator

prey

niche

parasite

parasitism

population

social hierarchy

carrying capacity

symbiosis

territorial

limiting resource

graphing

discrete and continuous data

independent variable found on the x axis

dependent variable found on y axis

population density

sample

emigration vs immigration

See symbiosis powerpoint

Individual organisms have many needs. These include space to live, energy sources, air, and water.  Members of a population require resources that are found in their habitat.  Sometimes there is not enough of a resource to go around.  When that happens there is competition for that resource.  Members of a population may compete with other members of the population for resources.  Sometimes a population of one species competes with a population of another species for a resource. The resource that keeps the population from growing is the limiting resource as it limits the growth of a population.

« Graphing! «

Bar graphs are used to show discrete data or catagorical data.

Line graphs are used to illustrate continuous data or change over time.

The variables being compared go on two axes of the graph. The independent variable always goes on the horizontal axis, called the x-axis. The independent variable such as temperature is the condition that is manipulated. The dependent variable always goes on the vertical axis, the y-axis. The dependent variable such as growth is any change that results from manipulating the independent variable.

notes and Vocabulary for Test 2:

The Carbon, Water, and Nitrogen Cycles (LS.7)

Materials that living organisms use are constantly recycled. Decomposers release some materials when they cause decay. Materials are also released during other processes.

Movement of carbon through the world is called the carbon cycle. Carbon is found in the atmosphere, the oceans, soil, fossil deposits and living organisms. Plants use carbon during photosynthesis. Plants create molecules that contain carbon. These are called "organic" compounds. Organic compounds are passed to other organisms as shown in food webs. Parts of the carbon cycle are in the flow of energy through the Earth\rquote s living systems. Each year, photosynthesis traps about 75 billion metric tons of carbon in carbon containing compounds! Carbon is returned to the environment through respirat ion (breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds), combustion (burning of organic materials, including fossil fuels), and erosion.

The water cycle refers to the movement of moisture on the Earth. Water may move between the atmosphere and the Earths surface. The Sun provides the energy for the water cycle. Water changes from gas to liquid to solid states. The water cycle includes the processes of transpiration, evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. (Transpiration is the loss of water vapor by pla nt parts through tiny pores called stomata)

Nitrogen is a major part of the atmosphere. All living things need nitrogen. But, most organisms can't use the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen must be "fixed" for organisms to use it. This means the ni trogen must be combined with oxygen, hydrogen or carbon to form other molecules. Nitrogen can be fixed during thunderstorms. This puts nitrogen compounds in the soil. Some plants can use this nitrogen. Certain bacteria also can fix nitrogen. Some plants have bacteria living in their roots. The bacteria use the nitrogen to make proteins and other molecules. The plants can use these proteins. Animals that eat the plants can also use the proteins. Plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots are the legumes. Peanuts and soybeans are examples of legumes.

Systems:

What is a system? A system is a group of parts that work together. Can you name some examples of systems? Think of a complex machine, like a car. It is made of many parts. Think about how all the parts have to work together in order for the car to run.

An ecosystem is a group of living and nonliving things that interact. A word for living is biotic. A word for nonliving is abiotic.

We can study the interactions in an ecosystem. These events result in a flow of energy and matter in the ecosystem. First, identify the elements of the system. The biotic elements of an ecos ystem are the producers, consumers and decomposers. Next, think about energy and matter. How does each organism use them? The energy is passed from one organism to another. We call this a food chain. Abiotic elements of an ecosystem may include water and oxygen. Carbon dioxide and the nutrients the organisms need are also abiotic elements. Decomposers recycle these materials.

Energy enters an ecosystem through the process of photosynthesis. Energy is passed through the ecosystem. This happens when one organism eats and is, in turn, eaten. This energy flow can be shown as relationships in food webs.

We can think of the energy in a food chain as a pyramid. A pyramid is big on the bottom and small at the top. The producers are at the bottom. There is a lot of e nergy at the base of pyramid. This is because the producers get their energy from the Sun. There is a lot of energy from the Sun. There is less and less energy as you go up the pyramid. The levels on the energy pyramid are called trophic levels. The troph ic levels are producer, first order consumer, second order consumer, and third order consumer. In the energy pyramid, the producers make a broad base. This base supports the energy needs of the other organisms in the system.

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Photosynthesis- process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make food.

**Changing light energy to chemical energy

Products (what it makes) = oxygen and glucose

Raw materials (materials needed) = carbon dioxide + water + light + chlorophyll

Stomata- openings in leaf for gas exchange

Chloroplasts - organelles that contain chlorophyll

Chlorophyll- green pigment, needed for photosynthesis, traps sunlight

Equation:

Carbon dioxide + water + light + chlorophyll = glucose and oxygen

Light energy to Chemical energy

Photosynthesis (SOL LS. 6)

Every living thing needs energy. Photosynthesizing organisms obtain their energy from the sun. Plants are the most common type of photosynthesizing organisms. For example, trees, grass, roses, and weeds. Can you think of other plants? Plants and other photosynthesizing organisms are often called producers because of their ability to use the energy in sunlight to make their own food.

Without sunlight, most plants could not undergo photosynthesis (a necessary life process that transforms light energy from the sun into chemical energy). The term photosynthesis comes from the root word photo-, which means "light", and synthesis, which means "putting together." Photosynthesis means using light to make food.

Photosynthesis involves a series of chemical reactions in which light energy is used to change raw materials into products. The first stage of photosynthesis involves capturing the energy in sunlight. The leaves and other green parts of the plant are responsible for capturing the sun’s energy. Chloroplasts are parts of the plant’s leaves that contain chlorophyll, a green colored chemical that absorbs or traps light energy. Chlorophyll functions in a manner similar to that of the solar "cells" in a solar-powered calculator. Chlorophyll and solar cells both trap energy which then gets converted into power.

The second stage of photosynthesis involves using the captured energy and two raw materials to produce fuel for the plant. The raw materials which the plant needs are carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). Carbon dioxide is one of the gases in the air. Animals like you and me exhale CO₂. In plants, the roots absorb water from the soil.

Once the raw materials move into the chloroplasts, they undergo a complex series of chemical reactions. One of the products of the reactions is oxygen (O₂). The oxygen is released into the air. The other product is sugar (glucose), which is used for food for the plant.

The events of photosynthesis can be summed up by the following equation: light energy

carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Notes from the Curr. Framework and P.H. textbook pgs. 62-64. (2004)

Photosynthesis Vocabulary

Food chain, stomata, sugar, sunlight, capture, green, glucose, photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, leaves, producers, water, transform , oxygen, chlorophyll, food web, chemical energy, chloroplast, light energy, putting together with light

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notes and Vocabulary for Test 1A:

Powerpoint on 6 kingdoms

Classification

Classification systems name and organize living things in a logical meaningful way.

Hierarchy: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

+They go from the largest most general to more specific.

++ Kings play cards on five green stools!

Scientific nomenclature:

• Binomial nomenclature, means 2 names.
• first name is genus name, second name is species.
• First name is capitalized, second name is not.
• Both names are written in italics
• Example, Canis lupus

6 kingdoms currently, but this can change due to new discoveries.

eubacteria= single cell, no nucleus, normal bacteria

archaebacteria=single cell, no nucleus, extreme bacteria

protists= single cell, nucleus, fungus like, animal like, plant like

fungi=single or multicellular , absorptive feeders

plants =autotrophs, multicellular

animals=heterotrophs, multicellular

Heterotrophs= cannot make their own food

Autotroph= make their own food

Powerpoint on animal phyla:

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Basic Needs: F.O.W.L..

think fowl!(like chickens :) )

Food: neccesary for growth, repair,

Oxygen: neccesary for respiration (breaking down food)

Water: neccesary for respiration and other life processes

Living Space: contains resources and shelter

Energy: Sun required! Food!

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Characteristics of Life

1. Made of cells

2. Reproduces

3. Grows and Develops

4. Needs Energy

5. Responds to Stimuli

Living things Respond to Stimuli	living things are made of cells!
Living things grow and develop	Living things reproduce	Living things need energy!

LIFE PROCESSES

Ingestion= To eat.

Digestion= To break down food.

Reproduction= To make new organisms.

Respiration= Adding oxygen to food to release energy.

Growth= To get bigger, or more complex.

Movement= To approach food or avoid harm.

Excretion= Getting rid of waste.

Response To stimuli= Some action movement or change in behavior.

Stimuli = Change in the environment.

Metabolism = The sum total of chemical reactions in your body.

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TEST 1 B:

The material below will be on the next test.

Metrics

Second - time
Gram - mass
degrees Celsius - temperature
Volume-liter

Length-meter

Look at Page 788-789 in your science book!

Links

http://www.teachers.net/lessons/posts/1275.html

http://www.think-metric.com/length.html

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